When a natural disaster affects a community, the resulting trauma can reverberate even with those not directly affected by the disaster.
Disasters of this type can be sudden and overwhelming. In addition to the often catastrophic toll on lives and property, a disaster like a tsunami (tidal wave), hurricane or fire can have an impact on those who have lost loved ones and even those who feel more vulnerable as a result of learning about the disaster.
It is common for people who have experienced traumatic situations to have very strong emotional reactions. Understanding normal responses to these abnormal events can aid you in coping effectively with your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, and help you along the path to recovery.
What happens to people after a disaster or other traumatic event?
Shock and denial are typical responses to large-scale natural disasters,
especially shortly after the event. Both shock and denial are normal protective
reactions.
Shock is a sudden and often intense disturbance of your emotional state that may
leave you feeling stunned or dazed. Denial involves your not acknowledging that
something very stressful has happened, or not experiencing fully the intensity
of the event. You may temporarily feel numb or disconnected from life.
As the initial shock subsides, reactions vary from one person to another. The following, however, are normal responses to a traumatic event:
How do people respond differently over time?
It is important for you to realize that there is not one 'standard' pattern of
reaction to the extreme stress of traumatic experiences. Some people respond
immediately, while others have delayed reactions - sometimes months or even
years later. Some have adverse effects for a long period of time, while others
recover rather quickly.
And reactions can change over time. Some who have suffered from trauma are
energized initially by the event to help them with the challenge of coping, only
to later become discouraged or depressed.
A number of factors tend to affect the length of time required for recovery,
including:
| - The degree of intensity and loss. Events that last longer and pose a
greater threat, and where loss of life or substantial loss of property is
involved, often take longer to resolve. |
| - A person's general ability to cope with emotionally challenging
situations. Individuals who have handled other difficult, stressful
circumstances well may find it easier to cope with the trauma. |
| - Other stressful events preceding the traumatic experience. Individuals
faced with other emotionally challenging situations, such as serious health
problems or family-related difficulties, may have more intense reactions to
the new stressful event and need more time to recover. |
How should I help myself and my family?
There are a number of steps you can take to help restore emotional well being
and a sense of control following a natural disaster, including the following:
|
- Give yourself time to heal. Anticipate that this will be a difficult time in your life. Allow yourself to mourn the losses you have experienced. Try to be patient with changes in your emotional state. |
|
- Ask for support from people who care about you and who will listen and empathize with your situation. But keep in mind that your typical support system may be weakened if those who are close to you also have experienced or witnessed the trauma. |
| - Communicate your experience in whatever ways feel comfortable to you -
such as by talking with family or close friends, or keeping a diary. |
| - Find out about local support groups that often are available such as for
those who have suffered from natural disasters. These can be especially
helpful for people with limited personal support systems. |
| - Try to find groups led by appropriately trained and experienced
professionals such as psychologists. Group discussion can help people
realize that other individuals in the same circumstances often have similar
reactions and emotions. |
| - Engage in healthy behaviors to enhance your ability to cope with
excessive stress. Eat well-balanced meals and get plenty of rest. If you
experience ongoing difficulties with sleep, you may be able to find some
relief through relaxation techniques. Avoid alcohol and drugs. |
| - Establish or reestablish routines such as eating meals at regular times
and following an exercise program. Take some time off from the demands of
daily life by pursuing hobbies or other enjoyable activities. |
| - Avoid major life decisions such as switching careers or jobs if possible because these activities tend to be highly stressful. |
How do I take care of children's special needs?
The intense anxiety and fear that often follow a disaster can be especially
troubling for surviving children, especially if children were victims of the
disaster. Some may regress and demonstrate younger behaviors such as thumb
sucking or bed wetting. Children may be more prone to nightmares and fear of
sleeping alone. Performance in school may suffer. Other changes in behavior
patterns may include throwing tantrums more frequently, or withdrawing and
becoming more solitary.
There are several things parents and others who care for children can do to help alleviate the emotional consequences of trauma, including the following:
| - Spend more time with children and let them be more dependent on you
during the months following the trauma - for example, allowing your child to
cling to you more often than usual. Physical affection is very comforting to
children who have experienced trauma. |
| - Provide play experiences to help relieve tension. Younger children in
particular may find it easier to share their ideas and feelings about the
event through non-verbal activities such as drawing. |
| - Encourage older children to speak with you, and with one another, about
their thoughts and feelings. This helps reduce their confusion and anxiety
related to the trauma. Respond to questions in terms they can comprehend.
Reassure them repeatedly that you care about them and that you understand
their fears and concerns. |
| - Keep regular schedules for activities such as eating, playing and going
to bed to help restore a sense of security and normalcy. |
| - Reduce the number of times children see the trauma on the news. Repeatedly watching broadcasts of the disaster can re-traumatize children. |
For those struggling to cope from afar
Even if you were not in the actual disaster, you may experience a sense of
vulnerability from witnessing the results of the disaster.
| - Take a news break. Watching endless replays of footage from the disaster
can make your stress even greater. Although you'll want to keep informed -
especially if you have loved ones affected by the disaster - take a break
from watching the news. |
| - Be kind to yourself. Some feelings when witnessing a disaster may be
difficult for you to accept. You may feel relief that the disaster did not
touch you, or you may feel guilt that you were left untouched when so many
were affected. Both feelings are normal. |
| - Keep things in perspective. Although a disaster often is horrifying, you
should focus as well on the things that are good in your life. |
| - Find a productive way to help if you can. Many organizations are set up
to provide financial or other aid to victims of natural disasters.
Contributing can be a way to gain some “control” over the event. |
| - Look for opportunities for self-discovery. People often learn something about themselves and may find that they have grown in some respect as a result of persevering through hardship. Many people who have experienced tragedy and adversity have reported better relationships, greater sense of personal strength even while feeling vulnerable, increased sense of self-worth, deeper spirituality, and heightened appreciation for life. |
When should I seek professional help?
Some people are able to cope effectively with the emotional and physical demands
brought about by a natural disaster by using their own support systems. It is
not unusual, however, to find that serious problems persist and continue to
interfere with daily living. For example, some may feel overwhelming nervousness
or lingering sadness that adversely affects job performance and interpersonal
relationships.
Individuals with prolonged reactions that disrupt their daily functioning should
consult with a trained and experienced mental health professional. Psychologists
and other appropriate mental health providers help educate people about normal
responses to extreme stress. These professionals work with individuals affected
by trauma to help them find constructive ways of dealing with the emotional
impact.
With children, continual and aggressive emotional outbursts, serious problems at school, preoccupation with the traumatic event, continued and extreme withdrawal, and other signs of intense anxiety or emotional difficulties all point to the need for professional assistance. A qualified mental health professional such as a psychologist can help such children and their parents understand and deal with thoughts, feelings and behaviors that result from trauma.
Thanks for help from: Richard A. Heaps, Ph.D., ABPP; Jacqueline G Lapidus, PsyD; and Rosemary Schwartzbard, Ph.D.
© 2005 American Psychological Association