Life's Harsh Lessons 'make You More Gullible'-study
May 24, 2006
People who have suffered life's hard knocks while growing up tend to be more
gullible than those who have been more sheltered, startling new findings from
the University of Leicester reveal.
A six-month study in the University of Leicester School of Psychology found that
rather than 'toughening up' individuals, adverse experiences in childhood and
adolescence meant that these people were vulnerable to being mislead.
The research analysing results from 60 participants suggest that such people
could, for example, be more open to suggestion in police interrogations or to be
influenced by the media or advertising campaigns.
The study found that while some people may indeed become more 'hard-nosed'
through adversity, the majority become less trusting of their own judgement.
Kim Drake, a doctoral student at the University of Leicester, conducted the
research with Professor Ray Bull and Dr Julian Boon of the School of Psychology.
Kim said: "People who have experienced an adverse childhood and adolescence
are more likely to come to believe information that isn't true- in short they
are more suggestible, and easily mislead which may in turn impact upon their
future life choices; they might succumb to peer pressure more readily."
'Adverse life experiences' examined included major personal illnesses/injuries,
miscarriage (from the male and female perspective), difficulties at work (being
fired/laid off), bullying at school, being a victim of crime (robbery, sexual
violence), parental divorce, death of family member and others.
70% of the variation across people in suggestibility can be explained by the
different levels of negative life events that they have experienced, the study
found.
"We also found that the way people cope with adversity had an impact on
their psychological profile," said Kim.
"The majority of people may learn through repeated exposure to adversity to
distrust their own judgment; a person might believe something to be true, but
when they, for example, read something in a newspaper that contradicts their
opinion, or they talk to someone with a different view-point, that individual is
more likely to take on that other person's view.
"This is because the person may have learned to distrust their actions,
judgements and decisions due to the fact that the majority of the time their
actions have been perceived to invite negative consequences.
"Another example is in relationships. Women, as well as men, can become
"brainwashed", and end up changing in their personality, their views
and beliefs and in some extreme cases, they may even take on their views and
ideas of the world and come to feel incompetent (in their partner's eyes)."
Kim added that there is already evidence to suggest that there is a relationship
between intensity/frequency of negative life impacts and degree of
vulnerability. Experience of adversity may have a knock-on effect on a person's
mindset- they may come to believe that "they are no good", or
"nothing they do is ever good enough".
In contrast, the findings also suggest that early positive life events may have
a protective influence over the effects of subsequent adversity: "If
positive life events predate the negative life events then individuals may be
more resilient in terms of, not being so badly affected, psychologically, by the
subsequent adverse events. However, issues may arise if the reverse is the case;
if the adverse life events precede the positive, those individuals may become,
as a result, more susceptible to suggestion and misleading information.
Nevertheless, future research will still have to examine this. The order of life
events experienced, however, is seemingly important."
The study found that the parental role is an important one, so education-
showing parents functional ways of dealing with their children, meaning that the
children will see positive role models, and learn "healthy" skills or
ways of dealing with stress/negative life events- may help cultivate a positive
mind-set within the child or adolescent which will stay with them throughout
life.
Kim said: "Parents are role-models for their children, and show the
children how to cope with stress- if the parents are matter-of-fact about
negative occurrences and are "happy-go-lucky" then the kids may
emulate that. On the reverse, parents who cope with stress/negative events in a
more stressed manner (raging, acting out, drinking, expressing a pessimistic
view of the world) this may in turn transfer that way of behaving onto their
children."
The original application of this research was the police interrogation setting,
the implications being that people who've experienced a high number of life
adversities may be more prone to falsely confessing due to being highly
suggestible, possibly resulting in a greater chance of being wrongly convicted.
"However, the notion of suggestibility falls far beyond that of forensic
psychology. People may find they are more easily influenced by the media, by TV
adverts and so may make life choices as a result that they otherwise would not
e.g. they may choose not to vaccinate their children, " said Kim.
Kim Drake
ked6@le.ac.uk
University of Leicester
http://www.leicester.ac.uk/